Question
4(a) 0.197g of an organic compound gave on combustion 0.32g of CO_(2) and 0.156g of H_(2)O. Calculate the percentage composition of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the compound. (b) Give hybridization state of each carbon atom (a-c) in the compound (1) (1) (c) (i) Highlight 6 separation techniques and explain one (ii) Give 4 difference between graphite and diamond. SECTION C __ 5a State three (3)physical properties of Alkanes b. Write a balanced chemical equation for the incomplete combustion of Pentane c. Give the nomenclature of the following compounds CH_(3) CH_(3) (ii) CH_(3)CH_(3) CH_(3)-C-C-C-C-C-CH_(3) HHHH (iii) H-Cequiv C-CH_(2)-C=C-H d. State 3 uses of Alkenes 6(a) State three differences between compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) (b) List 3 chemical properties of Alkenes and explain one with a chemical equation (c) Draw the structure of the following hydrocarbon (i) 4-ethyl-1,3-dimethylheptane (ii) 2-methylbut-2-ene (iii) 3-propylhex-1,4-diene (d) Each of sample A and B decolourize bromine water (Br/H_(2)O) but only sample B on furthe reaction with a solution of copper(ti)chloride in liquid ammonia gives a reddish-brown precipitate (i) Name the family of hydrocarbon sample A and B belongs (ii) State why sample A an B react with bromine water.
Answer
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Bridget
Professional · Tutor for 6 years
Answer
4(a) To calculate the percentage composition of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the compound, we need to find the mass percentage of each element.Given:Mass of organic compound = 0.197 gMass of CO2 produced = 0.32 gMass of H2O produced = 156 gFirst, we need to convert the masses of CO2 and H2O to the masses of their constituent elements:Mass of carbon in CO2 = 0.32 g / 44.01 g/mol = 0.0073 gMass of hydrogen in H2O = 0.156 g / 18.02 g/mol = 0.0087 gMass of oxygen in H2O = 0.156 g / 16.00 g/mol = 0.0097 gNow, we can calculate the mass percentage of each element:Mass percentage of carbon = (Mass of carbon / Mass of organic compound) × 100Mass percentage of hydrogen = (Mass of hydrogen / Mass of organic compound) × 100Mass percentage of oxygen = (Mass of oxygen / Mass of organic compound) × 100Substituting the given values:Mass percentage of carbon = (0.0073 g / 0.197 g) × 100 = 3.71%Mass percentage of hydrogen = (0.0087 g / 0.197 g) × 100 = 4.42%Mass percentage of oxygen = (0.0097 g / 0.197 g) × 100 = 4.91%Therefore, the percentage composition of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the compound is 3.71%, 4.42%, and 4.91%, respectively.(b) To determine the hybridization state of each carbon atom in the compound, we need to consider the molecular structure of the compound.Since the structure of the compound is not provided, we cannot determine the hybridization state of each carbon atom.(c) (i) Six separation techniques are:1. Chromatography: This technique separates mixtures by taking advantage of the different affinities of the components for a stationary phase.2. Filtration: This technique separates mixtures by removing solid particles from a liquid or gas.3. Distillation: This technique separates mixtures by taking advantage of the differences in the boiling points of the components.4. Sedimentation: This technique separates mixtures by allowing the denser components to settle at the bottom.5. Evaporation: This technique separates mixtures by removing the solvent, which is typically a liquid.6. Electrophoresis: This technique separates mixtures by taking advantage of the differences in the migration rates of the components in an electric field.(ii) Graphite and diamond are both forms of carbon, but they have some differences:1. Structure: Graphite has a layered structure, while diamond has a three-dimensional structure.2. Bonding: In graphite, the carbon atoms are bonded together by strong covalent bonds, while in diamond, the carbon atoms are bonded together by strong covalent bonds and also have a strong ionic bond.3. Physical properties: Graphite is soft and has a low melting and boiling point, while diamond is hard and has a high melting and boiling point.4. Electrical conductivity: Graphite is an excellent conductor of electricity, while diamond is an insulator.SECTION C5a. Three physical properties of alkanes are:1. Alkanes are colorless and odorless.2. Alkanes are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.3. Alkanes have a low boiling point and can be easily vaporized.b. The balanced chemical equation for the incomplete combustion of pentane is:2C5H12 + 8O2 → 10CO2 + 6H2Oc. The nomenclature of the following compounds is:(i) CH3CH3: Ethane(ii) CH3-C-C-C-C-CH3: Heptane(iii) H-C\equivC-CH2-C=C-H: But-1-yned. Three uses of alkenes are:1. Alkenes are used as monomers in the production of polymers, such as polyethylene and polypropylene.2. Alkenes are used as solvents and as a fuel in internal combustion engines.3. Alkenes are used as reactants in the production of other organic compounds, such as alcohols and aldehydes.6(a) Three differences between compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) are:1. CNG is a fossil fuel, while LPG is a mixture of hydrocarbons.2. CNG is a clean-burning fuel, while LPG is a more polluting fuel.3. CNG is stored at high pressure, while L