3. Why did the 2^nd caliph need to expand the area around the Kaaba? 4. What effect did the civil war between Abd al-Malik and Ibn Zubayr have on the Kaab

3. The second caliph, Umar ibn al-Khattab, expanded the area around the Kaaba for practical reasons. The increasing number of Muslims performing pilgrimage (Hajj) necessitated a larger space to accommodate the growing population. Umar's decision aimed at managing the influx of pilgrims and ensuring a smoother experience during the sacred rituals.4. The civil war between Abd al-Malik and Ibn Zubayr had a significant impact on the Kaaba. The conflict led to the destruction of parts of the Kaaba during the siege of Mecca in 683-692 CE. Abd al-Malik, the Umayyad caliph, sought to suppress Ibn Zubayr's rebellion, and this resulted in damage to the sacred structure. After the Umayyads successfully recaptured Mecca, they initiated reconstruction efforts to restore the Kaaba to its original form.