A company wants to determine the effectiveness of its Spanish language learning app. The company studied a large random sample of first-year Spanish majors and found that, on average, students who used the app received higher grades in their Spanish classes than students who did not use the app. Based on the design and results of the study.which of the following is an appropriate conclusion? Choose 1 answer: A Using the app will improve the grades of any college student. B Using the app will improve the grades of any Spanish major. C Using the app is likely to improve the grades of first-year Spanish majors. D There is an association between using the app and higher grades in Spanish classes for first-year Spanish majors, but the effect of using the app is unclear.

Question

A company wants to determine the effectiveness of its Spanish language learning app. The company studied a large random sample of first-year Spanish majors and found that, on average, students who used the app received higher grades in their Spanish classes than students who did not use the app. Based on the design and results of the study.which of the following is an appropriate conclusion? Choose 1 answer: A Using the app will improve the grades of any college student. B Using the app will improve the grades of any Spanish major. C Using the app is likely to improve the grades of first-year Spanish majors. D There is an association between using the app and higher grades in Spanish classes for first-year Spanish majors, but the effect of using the app is unclear.

Answer 1

To address this question, we need to consider the scope and design of the study. The study involved a large random sample of first-year Spanish majors and compared the grades of those who used the language learning app with those who did not. The results showed that, on average, students who used the app received higher grades in their Spanish classes. Option A suggests that the app will improve the grades of any college student, but the study only included first-year Spanish majors, so we cannot generalize the results to all college students.Option B suggests that the app will improve the grades of any Spanish major, but again, the study only included first-year students, so we cannot generalize the results to all Spanish majors, including those beyond their first year.Option C suggests that using the app is likely to improve the grades of first-year Spanish majors. This option is consistent with the results of the study, which included first-year Spanish majors, but it is important to note that the study design does not establish causality. It only shows an association.Option D states that there is an association between using the app and higher grades in Spanish classes for first-year Spanish majors, but the effect of using the app is unclear. This option correctly identifies that the study found an association and also acknowledges that the study design does not allow us to conclude that the app caused the higher grades.Given that the study was observational and did not experimentally assign students to use the app or not, we cannot conclude causation, only association. Therefore, the most accurate conclusion is that there is an association between using the app and higher grades in Spanish classes for first-year Spanish majors, but we cannot definitively say that the app caused the improvement in grades.

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