Source: Zainudeen Makhdoom Al Sageer, Muslim religious scholar and historian from Calicut, southern India, address to southern Indian Muslims, written circa 1570. After the Portuguese had established themselves in Cochin on the Malabar Coast.they forced every vessel, however small, to carry a safe conduct pass.which was issued for a certain fee. The Portuguese, in imposing this toll, claimed that it would improve commerce. To enforce the toll, they seized the cargo and crew of any ship that did not have its pass! In addition to thix'system of persecution, the Portuguese deployed ships all over the Indian Ocean to lie in wait and intercept vessels . In this way, they unjustly acquired vast wealth and captured countless prisoners. Soon, as a result of his lengthy conflict with the Portuguese, the ruler of our city of Calicut almost entirely exhausted his treasure and resources and his kingdom became strained to the limit. Because he was tired of war, the prince entered into a treaty in 1515 allowing the Portuguese to build a fort in Calicut in exchange for allowing his subjects to send four ships every year to Arabian ports Afterward, the Portuguese set about building their fortifications, while the merchants of Calicut prepared four ships loaded with pepper and ginger for dispatch to the Arabian coast and at the same time resumed trading with Gujarat and other foreign ports while carrying with them the passes from the Portuguese.

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Source: Zainudeen Makhdoom Al Sageer, Muslim religious scholar and historian from Calicut, southern India, address to southern Indian Muslims, written circa 1570. After the Portuguese had established themselves in Cochin on the Malabar Coast.they forced every vessel, however small, to carry a safe conduct pass.which was issued for a certain fee. The Portuguese, in imposing this toll, claimed that it would improve commerce. To enforce the toll, they seized the cargo and crew of any ship that did not have its pass! In addition to thix'system of persecution, the Portuguese deployed ships all over the Indian Ocean to lie in wait and intercept vessels . In this way, they unjustly acquired vast wealth and captured countless prisoners. Soon, as a result of his lengthy conflict with the Portuguese, the ruler of our city of Calicut almost entirely exhausted his treasure and resources and his kingdom became strained to the limit. Because he was tired of war, the prince entered into a treaty in 1515 allowing the Portuguese to build a fort in Calicut in exchange for allowing his subjects to send four ships every year to Arabian ports Afterward, the Portuguese set about building their fortifications, while the merchants of Calicut prepared four ships loaded with pepper and ginger for dispatch to the Arabian coast and at the same time resumed trading with Gujarat and other foreign ports while carrying with them the passes from the Portuguese.

Answer 1

Issue: Portuguese imposition of tolls and interference in trade in Calicut.Solution:1. The Portuguese imposed tolls on vessels in Calicut, claiming it would improve commerce.2. They enforced the toll by seizing cargo and crew of ships without a pass.3. Deployed ships in the Indian Ocean to intercept vessels, acquiring wealth and capturing prisoners.4. Calicut's ruler, exhausted by conflict, made a treaty in 1515, allowing a Portuguese fort in exchange for sending four ships annually to Arabian ports.5. Calicut merchants complied by preparing ships with Portuguese passes, continuing trade with Arabian and foreign ports.6. This led to strained resources in Calicut, illustrating the impact of Portuguese interference on the region.

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