Hofstede (1980) defined culture as the collective programming of the mind of members of a group which is reflected in its particular assumptions perceptions thought patterns, norms and values. The author also referred culture as an Onion' metaphor. The surface culture indicates things that can be readily, observed, such as __ A. Dress code B. Food C. Explicit artefact D. All of the above

Question

Hofstede (1980) defined culture as the collective programming of the mind of members of a group which is reflected in its particular assumptions perceptions thought patterns, norms and values. The author also referred culture as an Onion' metaphor. The surface culture indicates things that can be readily, observed, such as __ A. Dress code B. Food C. Explicit artefact D. All of the above

Answer 1

In this question, we are given a statement about the 'Onion' metaphor of culture as described by Hofstede. According to this metaphor, culture has several components, some of which like the skin of an onion, readily visible on surface, while others are deeply embedded below the surface. The mention 'surface culture indicates things that can be readily observed' is followed by three options: Dress code, Food, and Explicit artefact. All these elements can be directly observed and experienced hence making them part of the 'surface' or 'outer layers' of culture as per the metaphor. Hence, all listed options reflect components of culture that can be readily observed.

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