A. Briefly explain the importance of each of the following. 1. city-state 6. Nordic countries 7. euro 2. republic 8. cultural crossroads 3. Benelux 9. balkanization 4. nationalism 5. Berlin Wall 10. satellite nation B. Answer the questions about vocabulary in complete sentences. 11. Which of the terms above are the names of regions? 12. Would a supporter of nationalism want to adopt the euro? Explain. 13. Which of the terms above have to do with conflict? 14. In which part of Europe did the countries become satellite nations of the Soviet Union? 15. How does the geographic theme of movement relate to a cultural crossroads? 16. Which ancient civilization was organized into city-states and which was a republic? 17. In what part of Europe is Benelux found? 18. What is the origin of the term balkanization? 19. Which of the terms above can also be applied to the United States? Explain. 20. Which two major peninsulas are found in the Nordic countries? Main Ideas Mediterranean Europe (pp. 289 -295) 1. What legacy did ancient Athens leave for modern governments? 2. What effect did the empires of Spain and Portugal have on the rest of the world? 3. Why does Spain have a conflict with the Basque people? Western Europe (pp. 296-301) 4. How did the Reformation create new cultural divisions? 5. How did nationalism lead to conflicts? 6. For what artistic legacy are Germany and Austria famous? Northern Europe (pp. 302-309) 7. Who were the Vikings, and what did they do? 8. What geographic advantages helped Great Britain build its empire? Eastern Europe (pp. 310-315) 9. Why did independent nation-states develop later in Eastern Europe than in Western Europe? 10. What problems existed in the Eastern European economy under Communist rule?

. Brief Explanation:1. City-state: A city-state is a sovereign state consisting of an independent city and its surrounding territory. They were significant in ancient times as independent political entities with their own governance.2. Republic: A republic is a form of government in which the country is considered a "public matter," and power is held by the people or their elected representatives. It contrasts with a monarchy.3. Benelux: Benelux refers to the economic union of Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg. It is important for economic cooperation and regional integration among these countries.4. Nationalism: Nationalism is a political ideology emphasizing the interests, culture, and identity of a particular nation. It played a role in the formation of modern nation-states and can lead to both unification and conflict.5. Berlin Wall: The Berlin Wall was a barrier separating East and West Berlin during the Cold War. Its fall in 1989 symbolized the end of the Cold War and the reunification of Germany.6. Nordic countries: The Nordic countries include Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. They share cultural and historical ties and are known for their social welfare systems.7. Euro: The euro is the official currency of the Eurozone, used by 19 of the 27 European Union countries. It promotes economic integration among these nations.8. Cultural crossroads: A cultural crossroads is a location where various cultures meet and interact. It often results in cultural diversity, exchange, and sometimes conflicts.9. Balkanization: Balkanization refers to the fragmentation or division of a region or state into smaller, often conflicting, entities. It is associated with political and ethnic tensions.10. Satellite nation: A satellite nation is a country that is politically and economically dependent on another more powerful nation. The term is often used in the context of nations aligned with the Soviet Union during the Cold War.B. Answers to Vocabulary Questions:11. The terms that are names of regions are Benelux, Nordic countries, and Balkanization.12. A supporter of nationalism might be hesitant to adopt the euro because it involves giving up some national economic control to a larger, supranational entity.13. The terms that have to do with conflict are Balkanization and Nationalism.14. The countries that became satellite nations of the Soviet Union were in Eastern Europe.15. The geographic theme of movement is related to a cultural crossroads as it involves the interaction, exchange, and movement of people and cultures in such locations.16. Ancient Athens was organized into city-states, and Rome was a republic.17. Benelux is found in Western Europe.18. The term Balkanization originated from the historical conflicts and fragmentation in the Balkan Peninsula.19. Nationalism can also be applied to the United States, as it has played a role in shaping its identity and history.20. The two major peninsulas in the Nordic countries are the Scandinavian Peninsula and the Jutland Peninsula.Main Ideas:Mediterranean Europe:1. Ancient Athens left a legacy of democratic governance for modern governments.2. The empires of Spain and Portugal had a significant impact on global exploration, colonization, and trade.3. Spain has a conflict with the Basque people over issues of autonomy and cultural identity.Western Europe:4. The Reformation created new cultural divisions by challenging the authority of the Catholic Church.5. Nationalism led to conflicts by fostering a sense of exclusive identity and competition among nations.6. Germany and Austria are famous for their artistic legacies, including contributions to music and visual arts.Northern Europe:7. The Vikings were seafaring people known for exploration, trade, and raiding.8. Great Britain's geographic advantages, including its island status and natural harbors, helped in building its empire.Eastern Europe:9. Independent nation-states developed later in Eastern Europe due to historical factors such as the influence of empires.10. Under Communist rule, Eastern European economies faced challenges, including centralized planning and inefficiencies.