II. Answer the following questions 1. Distinguish between anabolic and metabolic pathways. 2. Describe the process of cellular respiration. 3. Justify why oxidation of glucose involving mitochondrion is more efficient. 4. During a race how can your muscles cells produce ATP if oxygen deficiency occurs? 5. What are the chlorophyll pigments responsible for absorption of light spectra? 6. Compare cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation 7. What are the products of the light reactions subsequently used by the Calvin cycle? 8.Where do the enzymatic reactions of the Calvin cycle take place? 9. Compare the mechanism of carbon fixation C3 and C4 plants. 10. What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle? 11. Compare the process of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. 12. Justify how the processes of cellular respiration and photosynthesis help to maintain the balance of CO_(2) and O_(2) in the atmosphere.

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II. Answer the following questions 1. Distinguish between anabolic and metabolic pathways. 2. Describe the process of cellular respiration. 3. Justify why oxidation of glucose involving mitochondrion is more efficient. 4. During a race how can your muscles cells produce ATP if oxygen deficiency occurs? 5. What are the chlorophyll pigments responsible for absorption of light spectra? 6. Compare cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation 7. What are the products of the light reactions subsequently used by the Calvin cycle? 8.Where do the enzymatic reactions of the Calvin cycle take place? 9. Compare the mechanism of carbon fixation C3 and C4 plants. 10. What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle? 11. Compare the process of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. 12. Justify how the processes of cellular respiration and photosynthesis help to maintain the balance of CO_(2) and O_(2) in the atmosphere.

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# Brief Explanations: 1. Anabolic pathways build complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy. Metabolic pathways include both anabolic and catabolic processes, the latter breaking down molecules to release energy. # Answer: 1. Anabolic pathways are involved in the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy. Metabolic pathways encompass both anabolic and catabolic pathways, where catabolic pathways break down molecules to release energy. # Brief Explanations: 2. Cellular respiration is a multi-step process where glucose is broken down to produce ATP, involving glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. # Answer: 2. Cellular respiration involves glycolysis (breaking glucose into pyruvate), the Krebs cycle (producing electron carriers), and the electron transport chain (producing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation). # Brief Explanations: 3. Mitochondrial oxidation of glucose is more efficient due to the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis, producing more ATP compared to anaerobic pathways. # Answer: 3. The oxidation of glucose in mitochondria is more efficient because it uses the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis, generating up to 36-38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule, compared to only 2 ATP from anaerobic glycolysis. # Brief Explanations: 4. During oxygen deficiency, muscle cells produce ATP through anaerobic glycolysis, converting glucose to lactate. # Answer: 4. In oxygen deficiency, muscle cells produce ATP via anaerobic glycolysis, converting glucose to lactate and generating 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule. # Brief Explanations: 5. Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b are the primary pigments responsible for absorbing light spectra, particularly in the blue-violet and red regions. # Answer: 5. Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b are responsible for the absorption of light spectra, primarily absorbing light in the blue-violet and red regions. # Brief Explanations: 6. Cyclic photophosphorylation produces ATP only, while non-cyclic photophosphorylation produces both ATP and NADPH, and involves both photosystems I and II. # Answer: 6. Cyclic photophosphorylation involves only photosystem I and produces ATP. Non-cyclic photophosphorylation involves both photosystems I and II, producing ATP, NADPH, and oxygen. # Brief Explanations: 7. The light reactions produce ATP and NADPH, which are subsequently used by the Calvin cycle for carbon fixation. # Answer: 7. The products of the light reactions used by the Calvin cycle are ATP and NADPH. # Brief Explanations: 8. The enzymatic reactions of the Calvin cycle take place in the stroma of the chloroplast. # Answer: 8. The enzymatic reactions of the Calvin cycle occur in the stroma of the chloroplast. # Brief Explanations: 9. C3 plants fix carbon directly through the Calvin cycle, while C4 plants initially fix carbon in mesophyll cells and then transfer it to bundle-sheath cells for the Calvin cycle. # Answer: 9. C3 plants fix carbon directly via the Calvin cycle. C4 plants initially fix carbon in mesophyll cells, forming a four-carbon compound that is transported to bundle-sheath cells for the Calvin cycle. # Brief Explanations: 10. The primary function of the Calvin cycle is to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose using ATP and NADPH. # Answer: 10. The primary function of the Calvin cycle is to synthesize glucose from carbon dioxide and water, using ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions. # Brief Explanations: 11. Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen using light energy, while cellular respiration converts glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. # Answer: 11. Photosynthesis converts CO₂ and H₂O into glucose and O₂ using light energy. Cellular respiration converts glucose and O₂ into CO₂, H₂O, and ATP. # Brief Explanations: 12. Photosynthesis reduces CO₂ and releases O₂, while cellular respiration consumes O₂ and releases CO₂, maintaining atmospheric balance. # Answer: 12. Photosynthesis reduces CO₂ levels and releases O₂, while cellular respiration consumes O₂ and releases CO₂, helping to maintain the balance of CO₂ and O₂ in the atmosphere.

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